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Devastating Tragedy of WWII: Blockade of Leningrad and How Vladimir Putin’s Family Survived It
Tomorrow is May 9th. HAPPY VICTORY DAY!
This post is part of the 70 YEARS OF THE GREAT VICTORY MARATHON
They say there was no family in the 250 million Soviet Union that didn’t experience a loss in the Great Patriotic War, usually referred to in the West as World War II. This is why the Great Victory celebrated on May 9th is called ‘a holiday with tears in our eyes.’
Leningrad, presently St. Petersburg, a city of unsurpassed beauty and treasures on the Neva River, was one of the hardest hit during that brutal war. It is one of the original four Hero Cities for the heroism and spirit displayed by its troops and citizens (later, more cities were given the Hero City title). The other three were Stalingrad, Moscow and Odessa. Each had a unique and devastating story to tell.
Among them, Leningrad stood out by the amount of tragedy, sacrifice and starvation inflicted on simple citizens through the inhumane blockade, which left the multi-million city without food for almost 900 days.
Odessa had a different story to tell. Due to the city’s location, its siege, perpetrated by Germany and Romania together, was punctuated with severe water shortage. Thirst, not hunger, was what killed people in southern steppes. During sieges of Stalingrad and Moscow the killers were bombs and bullets. But undeniably, the most devastating and tragic story of the entire WWII was the Siege and Blockade of Leningrad (Russian: блокада Ленинграда).
It is something Russians remember very well… even those of us who were born decades after, even those who had never been to Leningrad. It is imprinted in our collective psyche.
It is also something that unfortunately those who live in the US, Canada, EU, Poland or Germany probably could never understand. Perhaps that’s why they have such immature and cavalier attitude towards WWII, Russia’s role and sacrifice in it. Or perhaps they are simply afraid of the Russian spirit and ability to withstand such hardship for the idea. Perhaps, this is why they need to do anything they possibly can to diminish and malign the country that saved the world from fascism.
Below is an excerpt from Wikipedia. I am usually very careful about quoting Wikipedia as much of its info is biased and inaccurate, to put it mildly. But this piece seems one of the few telling the truth. Link.
Wikipedia quote:
“The Siege of Leningrad, also known as the Leningrad Blockade (Russian: блокада Ленинграда, transliteration: blokada Leningrada) was a prolonged military operation undertaken by the German Army Group North against Leningrad—historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg—in the Eastern Front theatre ofWorld War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviets managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was finally lifted on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and overwhelmingly the most costly in terms of casualties.
The capture of Leningrad was one of three strategic goals in the German Operation Barbarossa and the main target of Army Group North. The strategy was motivated by Leningrad‘s political status as the former capital of Russia and the symbolic capital of the Russian Revolution, its military importance as a main base of the Soviet Baltic Fleet and its industrial strength, housing numerous arms factories.[12] By 1939 the city was responsible for 11% of all Soviet industrial output.[13] It has been reported that Adolf Hitler was so confident of capturing Leningrad that he had the invitations to the victory celebrations to be held in the city’s Hotel Astoria already printed.[14] Yet, although various theories have been forwarded about Nazi Germany‘s ultimate plans for Leningrad, including renaming the city Adolfsburg (as claimed by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski) [15] and making it the capital of the new Ingermanland province of the Reich in Generalplan Ost, it is clear that Hitler’s intention was to utterly destroy the city and its population. According to a directive sent to Army Group North on 29 September, “After the defeat of Soviet Russia there can be no interest in the continued existence of this large urban center. […] Following the city’s encirclement, requests for surrender negotiations shall be denied, since the problem of relocating and feeding the population cannot and should not be solved by us. In this war for our very existence, we can have no interest in maintaining even a part of this very large urban population.”[16] Hitler’s ultimate plan was to raze Leningrad to the ground and give areas north of the River Neva to the Finns.”
Piskariovskoye Cemetery
I visited Leningrad – St. Petersburg several times in my life. It truly is the most beautiful and impressive historic city in the world. I took the time to go to the Piskariovskoye Memorial Cemetery where the victims of the 872-day blockade found their final resting place. It’s a huge field filled with alleys, flowers, and rows and rows of granite stones listing the names of those buried underneath – 500,000 in total. The entire toll of the blockade was over 640,000.
The Piskariovskoye Cemetery museum has photographs, documents and diaries of those who perished. There was a girl’s diary that struck me most. The little girl named Tanya documented every day things like: “Auntie died today, my little brother died, mommy died.” Then her hand was getting less steady as more people around her passed. The final entry was, “Tanya all alone.” The girl Tanya was buried with others on that cemetery.
Immortal stories of the people’s spirit during the Leningrad Blockade
Leningrad is home to some of the most beautiful museums and architecture in the world, filled with treasured art, science and literature. When Germans advanced, workers of the museums and libraries tried to save their treasures, aided by locals and soldiers. A lot of priceless art from Leningrad museums was evacuated, some under severe shelling and German aviation bombings.
Leningrad is full of gorgeous bridges and statues. To attempt to save them from bombings, the starving, exhausted citizens would wrap the statues in anything protective they could find, often building protective shields around them. That way they saved for posterity many, many priceless works of art.
Anichkov Bridge: one of the four Horse tamers, famous St. Petersburg statues saved from destruction in WWII
See my post for more great pics of the magnificent Leningrad treasures saved for posterity: Tsars, Oligarchs and Imperial Treasure: ST.PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.
The great Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich survived the Leningrad Blockade and wrote some of his most striking music during that time. He refused to leave his city; during the blockade, Shostakovich along with other artists, would play for the starving people and troops. These radio concerts would be broadcast via loudspeakers placed all over the city, bringing hope and lifting the morale.
Shostakovich – Symphony No 7: The LENINGRAD SYMPHONY, 1941 (Gergiev). The symphony became a symbol of anti-fascist resistance.
Amber Room
One of the most famous Leningrad treasures was the Amber Room, once given to empress Katerina Velikaya (Catherine the Great) by Prussian king – a feat which, according to historic accounts, bankrupted him. The Amber Room was so unique and beautiful that it was called the Eighth Wonder of the World. The value of the Amber Room? Simply priceless. The gorgeous, but fragile, amber panels were mounted onto a room at the Catherine Palace in the town of Pushkino, on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. Additional panels and paintings were created by Russian artisans in order to complete the room. The empress could sit in it for hours, forgetting about time and space. Anyone who saw the Amber Room is purported to have been awed by its beauty and otherworldly energy.
During the 1941 German advancement, the workers of the Catherine Palace museum managed to wrap up and evacuate practically all of the treasures. But they were afraid to move the fragile Amber Room, fearing it could get damaged if they tried to dismantle the panels. Instead, the decision was made to camouflage it by painting something on top of the panels and building fake walls around it. They hoped Germans would overlook the Amber Room.
When Pushkino was taken their hopes evaporated. Germans arrived with blueprints and drawings. They brought specialists with them, ready to dismantle the treasure. They also arrived with transportation and packaging. They knew exactly where to find the Amber Room; in fact, taking the Amber Room was one of their major goals in Leningrad, orders coming directly from Hitler.
Some of you may know the story: the Amber Room was taken to Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) and stayed there until Soviet troops approached the city. Then it was loaded onto a ship, which may, or may not have, drowned. The Amber Room vanished to never be seen again. Its mystery remains unsolved.
Several years ago the Russian artists and scientists completed the painstaking duplication of the Amber Room, after many years of research and work. The Amber Room 2.0 is now open to the public.
The magnificent Amber Room 2.0. More pics in Tsars, Oligarchs and Imperial Treasure: ST.PETERSBURG, RUSSIA
How Vladimir Putin’s Family Survived the Siege and Blockade of Leningrad
Excerpts from Nemo’s own translation of the original story by
the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, published in Russian Pioneer 4/30/2015
Read the entire post: “Life is such a simple, yet cruel thing”
“Father worked at a military enterprise when the war started, being exempt from conscription. But he wrote an application to join the party, and then another application – that he wants to go to the front. He was dispatched to the subversive detachment of the NKVD. It was a small detachment. He said that there were 28 people in it, and they were deployed behind the enemy lines to carry out acts of sabotage, undermine bridges, railway tracks… But they were almost immediately ambushed. Someone betrayed them. They came to a village, and then went out, and when after a while they returned, the Nazis were already waiting for them there. They were chased through the woods, and father survived because he climbed into a swamp, and spent a few hours in that swamp, breathing through a reed. While sitting in the swamp and breathing through the reed, he heard how the German soldiers were passing nearby, just a few steps away from him, how the dogs were yapping…
It was the beginning of autumn, in other words – already cold… I also remember how he told me that the leader of their group was a German. A Soviet citizen, but a German.
And here’s what’s curious: a couple of years ago, the archives of the Defence Ministry handed me the case of this group. There is a copy of the case in my home, in Novo-Ogaryovo. A list of the group, names, patronymics and brief descriptions. Yes, 28 people. And at the head – a German. Everything as it was told by my father.
Of the 28 people, only 4 crossed the front line back to ours. 24 were killed.
They were re-assigned to the active army, and sent on to Nevsky Pyatachok. It was probably the hottest place during the whole of the Leningrad Blockade. Our troops held a small bridgehead. Four kilometres in width and some two kilometres in depth. It was supposed to be a springboard for the future breaking of the blockade. But it never got used for this purpose. They broke through the blockade elsewhere. Still the spot (Nevsky Pyatachok) was held, held for a long time, there was heavy fighting there. Very heavy. There are commanding heights above and all around it, it’s shot at throughout. The Germans were, of course, also aware that it’s there that a breakthrough may be attempted, and tried to simply erase the Nevsky Pyatachok off the face of the earth. There is data about how much metal there is in each square meter of the land. There’s still metal all over the place there.
Father explained how he was wounded there. The wound was heavy. All his life he lived with shrapnel in his leg: not all fragments could be taken out. The leg ached. Foot didn’t bend since then. The medics preferred not to touch the small fragments so as not to shatter the bone. And, thank God, the leg was saved. They could, after all, amputate it. He got a good doctor. He had the second group disablement. As a disabled veteran, he was eventually given an apartment. It was our first separate apartment. A small two-room apartment. (Translators remark: Before that the Putins lived in a communal apartment, where several families share the facilities, corridor and kitchen, and sleep in separate rooms.) However, before that we lived in the centre and now we had to move. True, not quite to the outskirts, but to a new-built area. And it happened, of course, not immediately after the war, but when I already worked in the KGB. I was not given an apartment then, but my father finally got his. It was a great happiness. And here’s how he was wounded. He, together with a comrade, did a little sortie into the rear of the Germans, crawling, crawling… And then it becomes both funny and sad at the same time: they got to a German bunker, and, father said, out of it comes a man, a huge guy, and looks at them… and they couldn’t get up while they were staring into the barrel of a gun. “The man – he says – looked at us very carefully, then he took out a grenade, then another, and threw those grenades at us. Well… ” Life is such a simple, yet cruel thing.
By chance, father’s neighbour from Peterhof was nearby. And that neighbour pulled him over without hesitation and managed to drag him to the hospital. The neighbour waited for him at the hospital, made sure that he was operated, and said, “All right, now you’re going to live, and I am off to die.”
My mother told me how she visited father at the hospital. They had a small child, a three-year-old. At that time there was blockade, hunger… My father would give her his hospital ration, secretly from doctors and nurses. She hid it, took it home and fed the child. When father began to faint from hunger in the hospital, doctors and nurses understood what was happening and didn’t allow her to visit any more.
And then the child was taken away from her. It was done, as she later explained, in a compulsory fashion in order to save small children from starvation. They were collected to the orphanages for further evacuation. Parents were not asked.
He fell ill there – my mother said that it was with diphtheria – and didn’t survive. They were not even told where he was buried. They have never learnt where. And then, last year, completely unfamiliar to me people worked on their own initiative through the archives and found documents about my brother. And that’s really my brother. Because I knew that they lived then, after fleeing from Peterhof from the advancing German troops, at their friends’ place – and I even knew the address. They lived, as we call it, on the Water Channel (Vodnyj Kanal). It would be better to call it a “Bypass channel” (Obvodnyj Kanal), but in Leningrad it’s called “Water Channel”. I know for sure that they had lived there. And not only the address, where he was taken from, coincided. Name, surname, patronymic, date of birth coincided as well. It was, of course, my brother. And there was stated the place of burial: Piskaryovskoye Cemetery. And even the specific area was given.
Parents were told nothing of this. Well, apparently, other things had higher priority back then.
So, everything that my parents told about the war was true. Not a single word was invented; not a single day was moved. About my brother, about the neighbour, about the German, commander of the group. Everything matches. And all this got later confirmed in an incredible way.
After her child was taken away, mother was left alone. When father was allowed to walk, he stood up on crutches and went home. And when he came to the house, he saw that the medics were carrying corpses out of the entrance. And he saw my mother. He came up, and it seemed to him that she was breathing. He told the medics: “She’s still alive!” – “She’ll pass away along the way – said the nurse. – She won’t survive.” He told that he pounced on them with crutches and forced them to lift her back into the apartment. They told him: “Well, we’ll do as you say, but know that we will not come here for another two or three or four weeks. You’ll have to sort it out yourself then.”
He nursed her back to life. She survived and lived until 1999. He died in late 1998.
After the lifting of the blockade, they moved to the homeland of their parents, in the Tver oblast, and lived there until the end of the war. Father’s family was quite large. He had, after all, six brothers, and five of them were killed in the war. This is a disaster for the family. And my mother’s relatives also died. I was a late child; she gave birth to me when she was 41.
There was not a family where someone didn’t die. So much grief, misfortune and tragedy… But they had no hatred for the enemy, that’s what’s amazing. To be honest, I still cannot fully understand this. My mother was a very gentle, kind person… She said, “Well, what kind of hatred can one have toward these soldiers? They are simple people and also died in the war.” It’s amazing. We were brought up on Soviet books, movies… and hatred. But she somehow did not have it in her. And I remember very well her words: “Well, what can you have against them? They are also hard workers, just like us. They were simply force-driven to the front.”
I never forgot those words.”
Lada’s 2 cents:
It’s a tragic and beautiful story. There is only one thing on which I would disagree with President Putin. Quote: “We were brought up on Soviet books, movies… and hatred. But she somehow did not have it in her.”
Yes, we were brought up on Soviet books and movies, but not on hatred. My family didn’t have any hatred towards Germans either, although they lost a lot – see post. Neither do I. In fact, I personally love German culture and as a student I had two close German friends. It was a common thing. There was no hatred then, and there isn’t any now.
But there is memory – memory which must be kept at all cost. When those old Soviet movies were made, they were created by those who either experienced war themselves or those who remembered it from direct participants. There are fewer and fewer such people left today. We must do everything to preserve the real truth about those events in order to avoid this kind of madness in the future. This is why attempts by some to re-write history cannot be tolerated.
Related:
- Happy Victory Day, Fr. Merkel! My Open Postcard to the German Chancellor
- Comrades Roosevelt and Gregory Peck: When Hollywood Sent Its Scripts For Stalin’s Approval
- Crazy Asylum Overload: Ukraine Bans Communism – Goodbye Chinese Investments
- Ungrateful Europe. What would have happened should we push Hitler back just to our border
- All posts: 70 Years of Great Victory
- About Leningrad (St. Pete) and Odessa:
- Childhood Memories: Sun, Black Sea, Fun, Odessa…
- Tsars, Oligarchs and Imperial Treasure: ST.PETERSBURG, RUSSIA
- Odessa, The Pearl of the Black Sea
EARTH SHIFT REPORTS on Ladaray.info
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Happy Victory Day, Fr. Merkel! My Open Postcard to the German Chancellor
This article is part of my 70 YEARS OF THE GREAT VICTORY MARATHON
(You can see all posts under category: 70 Years of Great Victory)
Recently, leaders of US, UK, Poland, Lithuania, and most other EU countries announced that they would not be coming to the May 9th 70th Anniversary Victory Day Parade, grand preparations for which are underway in Moscow. Moreover, Polish president proposed that World War II victory celebrations should be moved from their traditional place on Red Square to Poland. All this is yet another attempt to re-write history and diminish the role and sacrifice of the Soviet Army and Soviet people in winning that terrible war. It is also an attempt to paint black as white and vice versa in order to justify fascism again raising its ugly head in Ukraine, Baltics and other European countries. It is also a part of the smear campaign against Russia as I had discussed in many of my prior writings.
There is nothing new as far as the US and UK leaders ignoring the Moscow celebrations. They always find excuses not to attend. Let’s recall that US, UK, Poland and France were Russia’s (USSR’s) allies in WWII. That’s officially. In reality…
Regardless of the US and UK, German Chancellor traditionally attends Victory Parade in Moscow to demonstrate contemporary Germany’s continued commitment to the fascism-free world.
This year, Angela Merkel infamously announced that she would not be coming to Moscow on May 9th, because… she didn’t want to offend the Kiev junta.
In response, Vadim Raskin, Russian neurologist from the city of Novokuznetsk in the Kemerovo oblast, started a flash mob, which turned into a global movement (See report by Russia24: С Днем Победы, фрау Меркель канцлера завалили поздравлениями).
On his Facebook page Dr. Raskin wrote in Russian – below is my summary English translation:
“Become a part of the flash mob. Since Angela Merkel has refused to come to Moscow for the Victory Day, let’s bring it to her doorstep. Send her a postcard, congratulating her with the Great Victory. Buy a postcard, or create your own, if you have a color printer. Congratulate her with our mutual Holiday, using only good words and warm wishes, and mail it to: Deutschland, Willy-Brandt-Straße 1, 10557 Berlin, Bundeskanzleramt, Fr. Angela Merkel.”
Next, a snowball effect occurred, proving that one small person indeed can change the world, or at least shift it ever so slightly in the right direction.
Vadim Raskin’s Facebook page quickly got 1500 replies from people who said they were on it. Some got creative and started mailing Merkel old Soviet Victory Day postcards; others created postcards of their own with pictures of relatives who perished in WWII; yet others sent photocopies of heart-wrenching war-time letters from Soviet army soldiers and concentration camp survivors, styled as postcards.
People wrote that Europeans, especially politicians, seem to have already forgotten what happened during the deadly war that devastated the world. It is time to remind them.
Before long, the movement spilled beyond the boundaries of the city of Novokuznetsk into all of Russia, and then, beyond Russia’s borders. Bulgarian anti-fascist movement wrote to Vadim Raskin, promising to send Merkel a postcard every day until May 9th. Within several days, flash mob was joined by over ten countries, including Italy, Serbia, Montenegro (Chernogoria), Israel, Canada and US. Germans had become some of the most active in this chorus.
Vadim Raskin says: “I don’t know how Angela Merkel will react to my postcard and if there will be a reaction. But the response worldwide is enormous. I didn’t expect that. Regardless of what else changes in the world, there are things that should never change. Good is good and evil is evil, under any circumstances.”
Meanwhile, the Kemerovo governor announced that he would be recommending the modest Dr. Raskin for the Russian state award, for using his voice for good. The governor also may send his own postcard to Frau Merkel.
Latest news: having been flooded by postcards from all over the world, Angela Merkel changed her mind and announced she would be attending the May 9th Red Square Victory Parade after all.
I thought I should join the chorus too, in case Frau Merkel forgets again.
My open postcard to German Chancellor Angela Merkel:
First Great Victory Parade, Red Square, Moscow, 1945
Dear Fr. Merkel,
Happy 70th Anniversary of the Great Victory of the Soviet Army over the German Nazis in the deadliest war humans have ever known. Here is my own family’s contribution to the Great Victory:
Maternal great-grandfather, Ukrainian: fought in WWII 1941-1943 as a colonel of the Soviet Army, killed in 1943.
Maternal grandfather, Ukrainian: enlisted as volunteer. Killed in 1945 in Berlin, shortly before the end of war by a German sniper, leaving my grandmother to raise her two small children by herself in the destroyed by war country.
My maternal grandmother and my mother, both Ukrainians, survived German Nazi occupation of Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk region).
Paternal grandfather, Russian: wounded twice at Stalingrad, into his left arm and right leg. Because of that, after hospital, sent back home and survived the war. He had a large, highly visible dip on his disfigured forearm, where the bullet pierced his bone. His wounds would always flare up when the weather was stormy. Sometimes, he would moan at night, when his pain was especially unbearable.
I hope you like the famous Russian song Zhuravli (Cranes). It is about the Soviet soldiers who perished in World War II, defending the world against fascism. In case you didn’t know, 27 million Soviet citizens, many of them Russians, but also millions of Ukrainians, Belorussians, Jews, and members of all other 100+ nationalities that populated the USSR, died in that war. The song tells the story of how soldiers turn into white cranes, flying in the sky and calling to us, those who have survived them. (Zhuravli has its own Wikipedia page, and here is the English lyrics. I wanted to include German lyrics too. After a search, I found some other languages, but oddly enough, it seems to this day no one has managed to translate it to German.) Here is the YouTube link to this beautiful song for your enjoyment; I chose the original performance by Mark Bernes.
Wishing you all the best, Fr. Merkel. The weather should be getting better soon, I expect.
Sincerely,
Lada Ray
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Ukraine Geopolitics: Why Does Merkel Disregard Opinion of Her People?
German Chancellor Angela Merkel accused Russia of invading the Crimea and of acting in violation of the international norms. In her address to the Bundestag, she said that Russia’s aggressive behavior reminds her of how countries acted in the 19th and 20th centuries. Read the rest of this entry
Vladimir Putin’s Message: Part 2
This is continuation of Post 1 – read it here.
Reposted from Lada Ray Blog:
Someone has told me that they avoid politics on their blog because it invites controversy and confrontation. Couldn’t agree more. That’s why I only post anything geopolitical when I have no choice and when I feel I MUST advise and educate people. And sure enough, the moment I mention Putin and Russia, accusations begin – no surprises.
I care profoundly about peace on our planet. This post isn’t about politics – it is about trying to keep humanity alive and well, and hopefully moving towards a more reasonable future for all. If there is World War III, believe me, no other little opinions, faults or squirmishes would matter. Everyone would be dead equally.
This post is not an invitation for an equal opportunity politician bashing either; it’s not about “Cameron of UK is bad, Obama is bad, but Putin isn’t any better” competition.
Avoiding war is the biggest priority by far on planet Earth right now until we know we have peace. The very least people could do is acknowledge and thank the country that brought peace to the world continuously, including during World War II, and who averted World War III just recently through smart diplomacy. Russia is the only country that can effectively stand up for peace against imperialistic aggression. Putin is the only leader who has the guts and intelligence to stand up to the US war machine and who can win without fighting. In this environment, Russia- and Putin-bashing because “he isn’t a saint” is counterproductive to say the least. In fact, it’s shortsighted and in bad taste. It’s akin to sawing off the tree branch you sit on.
Compare what Russia is doing with what Western governments are up to, like starting multiple wars willy-nilly, citing their “national interests” on the other side of the globe. Comparisons should be pretty clear. But no – the way it stands right now, Russians could be giving out presents to orphans at Christmas and still be made look bad!
Let’s wake up, people, and check out our own backyard!
By the way, a new round of Syria war escalation is being presently started by the US. This time, they try to enlist as many small countries via UN as possible, who are dependent on US handouts, to see if they can restart the war process via UN and via “proving” through UN inspections that Assad – not rebels – used chemical weapons.
Hint: It’s easy to manipulate the UN General Assembly as it’s located on US territory. UN Headquarters are located in New York, USA; US finances most of the UN budget with $$ it prints incessantly, while destroying it’s own currency and exporting inflation to other countries. This strategy works for the time being, but not for long! Lots of handouts and “presents,” as well as intimidation and other pressure is applied to small members, and to European countries + Japan and S. Korea, to get them to vote a specific way. I used to believe in the UN, but UN is no longer a viable international body – sadly.
Russia and Putin may have averted the disaster, but much more work is to be done as the US warmongers are trying to re-escalate the conflict.
Watch these videos:
Gen. Wesley Clark interview in 2007, revealing the old US plan to take out 7 countries, incl. Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran.
And Gen. Wesley Clark interview at 2013 LPAC. Notice how sad and tight-lipped he looks this time.
Truth about Russia and Putin from Dr. Paul Craig Roberts
READ MY PAST PREDICTIONS, INCLUDING RUSSIAN, US, FRENCH ELECTIONS; RUSSIAN METEOR; THE FUTURE OF THE US ECONOMY AND WORLD.
By the way, I am presently donating profits from my book sales to no-kill animal shelter in the USA and Siberian Tiger rescue in Russia (Siberian Tiger is Red Book endangered species with only 450 individuals alive today).
Futurist Trendcast 
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